Preparation of detergent

During the preparation of detergents, long-chain hydrocarbon obtained from petroleum fractions is converted into an organic aid through a series of steps.  The organic acid is then neutralized with sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution to produce a detergent. Examples are of detergents are: Sodium alkyle sulphate and sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate.

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What is the difference between Soaps and Detergent:

Soaps

Soap is made from fat and alkali by specification method. There are not suitable for delicate clothes.  They work well in hot water. They don't produce lather with hard water and are not able to clean the cloth. Lot of water is needed to remove soap from the cloth.

Detergents

Detergents are carbonic compounds which are not alkaline. They are suitable for delicate clothes. They clean both in hot and cold water. They clean the cloth even in hard water. They are removed very easily so less quantity of water is needed.

2. Detergents

Detergents are surfactants that help remove soils from solid surfaces. Over and above reducing water's surface tension, detergents must adsorb onto the soil's surface to aid in spontaneous release. Detergents must also keeps the soil suspended to prevent re-deposition. 

Ø  Detergents are surfactants used  for removal of dirt.

Ø  Detergency involves:

•      Initial wetting of the dirt and the surface to be cleaned.

•      Deflocculation and suspension, emulsification or solubilization of the dirt particles
•      Finally washing away the 

dirt.http://d25smtqkk0nuqw.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/biorf11.gif

Following can be understand from the above figure:
1. Dirty Substrate (Any textile material)  come in contact with detergent or surfactant in the presence of water
2. Detergent molecules start coming toward dirt or soil. As the dirt is oily in nature hydrophobic tail come in contact with dirt and hydrophilic head of detergent molecule remain in water.

3. Slowly detergent surrounded dirt particles and pulling them out of substate
4. All the dirt particles removed from the substrate.